2 Marks questions
A14. What do you understand by “Plant
Location?”P118
A15. List any four factors that you consider while deciding upon the location of a plant? P118 para 2
The factors that are usually considered for plant location are - 1. Availability of raw materials, 2. Nearness to market, 3. Availability of power, 4. Transport facilities, 5. Suitability of climate, and 6. Government policy
A16. List any four models available for identifying ideal plant location. P 128
The four models are 1. Factor Rating method, 2. Point rating method, 3. Break even analysis, and 4. Qualitative Factor analysis.
B3. Why is availability of raw material important while deciding upon plant location ? P 121
1. Regular and uninterrupted supply of raw material, 2. Reduced transportation cost 3. Saving in cost of storage of raw materials.
Plant Layout
A17. What do you understand by ‘Plant Layout”? P140
Plant layout refers to the arrangement of machinery, equipment and other industrial facilities for achieving quickest and smooth production.
A18. List the four types of plant layouts. P150
1. Process layout, 2. Product layout, 3. Fixed position layout, 4. Cellular layout, 5. Hybrid layout
A19. What is ‘Process Layout’? P 144
Process layout involves a grouping together of like machines in one department.
A20. What is ‘Product Layout’? P 146
Product layout involves the arrangement of machines depending on the sequence of operations.
B4. What is ‘Cellular manufacturing Layout’? P 150
Cellular manufacturing layout groups all machines into cells, each of which will function some what like a product layout.
C1. What is a fixed position layout? P 148
As the name suggests, fixed position layout involves the movement of men and machines around the product which remains in a fixed position or The cost of moving men and machines would be much less than moving the item which is very bulky or heavy.
8 MARK QUESTIONS
A 2. When does the need for selection of location for a factory arise? P 118
A manufacturing unit is engaged in the conversion of raw materials into finished products. The heavy concentration of the sugar industry in Bihar and Uttar pradesh, the steel industry in Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa are examples of factory located near the sources of their raw materials.
Nearness to raw materials offers such advantages as:
(a) Reduced cost of transportation.
(b) Regular and proper supply of materials uninterrupted by transportation breakdowns and
(c) Savings in the cost of storage of materials.
Raw materials in this context may be classified into two types, viz., weight-losing or gross materials and non-weight losing or pure materials. Weight-losing materials lose much of their weight in the process of manufacture. The cost of transporting these materials from the source of supply to the place of manufacture is more than the cost of transporting the finished products from the factory to the market. Examples of these raw materials are iron ore, sugarcane, coal, timber and limestone. Industries using such materials tend to be located near their sources of supply to save the cost of transportation.
Non-weight-losing materials, instead, exercise little influence on plant location. Thus a firm that depends on heavy raw materials locates nearer to availability of raw materials.
A 3. Describe the point rating method of evaluating alternate locations. P 128-9
In this method, factor ratings are used to evaluate alternative locations. The method has the following advantages:
a. Simplicity which facilitates communication about why one location/site is better than another.
b. Enables bringing diverse locational consideration into the evaluation process.
c. Foster consistency of judgement about location alternatives.
The steps involved are:
1. List the most relevant factors in the location decision.
2. Rate each factor (say from 1 for very low and to 5 for very high) according to its relative importance, i.e., a factor rating is given to each factor based on its importance, the higher the ratings the more important is the factor.
3. Rate each location (say 1 for very low and to 10 for very high) according to its merits on each factor.
4. Compute the product of ratings by multiplying the factor rating by the location rating for each factor.
5. Compute the sum of the product of ratings for each location.
Decision: Select the location alternative which has the maximum sum of the product ratings as the choice.
B 3. What are the factors that you would consider while selecting a region within a country for locating a plant ? P 126 TABLE 8.1
The factors to be considered for selecting a region within a country for locating a plant are
1. Availability of Raw materials
2. Nearness to market
3. Availability of power.
4. Transport facilities.
5. Suitability of climate.
6. Government policy.
7. Competition among states in offering tax benefits.
8. Labour militancy
A 4. Describe the breakeven analysis method of evaluating alternate locations. P 130-31
The cost structures of Potential Locations A,B,and C is given in table below. If expected sales are 4000 units per year, and the sale price Rs 200 per unit, find the best location.
LOCATION
|
FIXED COST (Rs)
|
Variable Cost per unit (Rs)
|
A
|
50,000
|
100
|
B
|
100,000
|
50
|
C
|
160,000
|
30
|
Ans.
Total cost of production = Fixed cost + (variable cost*quantity produced)
Total cost for Location A = 50,000+4000*100 = Rs. 450,000
Total cost for location B = 100,000+4000*50 = Rs. 300,000
Total cost for Location C = 160,000+4000*30 = Rs. 280,000
Thus location C is best, as the total cost is the minimum.
C1. Describe steps involved in factor rating method of choosing an ideal location? P 129
1. List the most relevant factors in the location decision
2. Rate each factor according to its importance ( on a scale of 1 to 5) higher the rating more important the factor.
3. Rate each location ( low 1 to high 10) according to its merit on each factor.
4. Compute the product of rating by multiplying the factor rating by location rating for each factor.
5. Compute the sum of ratings for each location.
6. Select the location alternative which has the maximum sum of product rating as the choice.
C 2. What are the factors that you would consider while selecting a community within a region for locating a plant ? P 126 TABLE 8.1
The factors to be considered for selecting a community within a region for locating a plant are
1. Availability of labour
2. Civic amenities for labour
3. Existence of complementary and competing industries.
4. Finance and research facilities.
5. Availability of water and fire fighting facilities.
6. Local taxes and restrictions.
7. Momentum of an early start.
8. Personal factors.
Plant Layout
A 5. Describe the principles of Plant Layout. P 144
While accepting a particular layout, the layout engineer should be guided by certain principles. The layout selected in conformity with layout principles should be an ideal one. These principles are:
The principle of minimum travel: Men and materials should travel the shortest distance between operations so as to avoid waste of labour and time and minimize the cost of materials handling.
Principle of sequence: Machinery and operations should be arranged in a sequential order. This principle is best achieved in product layout, and efforts should be made to have it adopted in the process layout.
Principle of usage: Every of foot of available space should be effectively utilised. This principle should receive top consideration in towns and cities where land is costly.
Principle of compactness: There should be a harmonious fusion of all the relevant factors so that the final layout looks well integrated and compact.
Principle of safety and satisfaction: The layout should contain built in provisions for the workmen. It should also be planned on the basis of the comfort and convenience of the workmen so that they feel satisfied.
Principle of flexibility: The layout should permit revisions with the least difficulty and at minimum cost.
Principle of minimum investment: The layout should result in savings in fixed capital investment, not by avoiding installation of the necessary facilities but by an intensive use of available facilities.
A 6. List the relative merits of Product and Process layouts. P 148 Table 9.1
Product Layout
|
Process Layout
|
1. Mechanisation of materials handling and consequent reduction in materials handling cost.
2. Avoidance of bottlenecks.
3. Economy in manufacturing time.
4. Better production control.
5. Less floor area required per unit of production.
6. Minimum investment in work-in-progress.
7. Early detection of mistakes or badly produced items.
8. Greater incentive to a group of workers to raise their performance.
|
Reduction in the investment on machines as they are general purpose machines.
Greater flexibility in production.
Better and more efficient supervision possible through appreciation.
Better scope of expansion.
Better utilisation of men and machines.
Easier to handle breakdowns of equipment by transferring work to another machine or station.
Full utilisation of the plant.
Greater incentive to individual workers to raise the level of their performance.
|
B 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Process Layout? P 146
Advantages:
1. Reduced investment of machines as they are general purpose machines.
2. Greater flexibility in the production.
3. Better and more efficient supervision is possible through specialisation.
4. There is greater scope for expansion as the capacities of different lines can be easily increased.
5. This type of layout results in better utilization of men and machines.
6. It is easier to handle breakdown of equipment by transferring work to another machine or station.
7. There is full utilization of equipment.
8. The investment of equipment would be comparatively lower.
9. There is greater incentive to individual worker to increase his performance.
Disadvantages:
1. There is difficulty in the movement of materials. Mechanical devices for handling materials cannot be conveniently used.
2. This type of layout requires more floor space.
3. There is difficulty in production control.
4. Production time is more as work-in-progress has to travel from place to place in search of machines.
5. There is accumulation of work-in-progress at different places.
B 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Product Layout? P 147
Advantages:
1.There is mechanization of materials handling and consequently reduction in materials handling cost.
2. This type of layout avoids production bottlenecks.
3. There is economy in manufacturing time.
4. This type of layout facilitates better production control.
5. This type of layout requires less floor area unit of production.
6. Work-in-progress is reduced and investment thereon is reduced.
7. Early detection of mistakes or badly produced item is possible.
8. There is greater incentive to a group of workers to raise their level of performance.
Disadvantages:
1. Product layout is known for its inflexibility.
2. This type of layout is also expensive.
3. There is difficulty of supervision.
4. Expansion is also difficult.
5. Any breakdown of equipment along a production line can disrupt the whole system.
C 3. List the circumstances when Product and Process Layouts can be used? P 149 Table 9.3
Product Layout
|
Process Layout
|
1. One or few standard products.
2. Large volume of production of each item over a considerable period of time.
3. Minimum inspection required during the sequence of operations.
4. Materials and products permit bulk or continuous handling by mechanical means.
5. Little or no occasion to use the same machine or workstation for more than one operation.(minimum number of set-ups required).
|
Many types or kinds of products, or emphasis on special orders.
Relatively low volume of production of individual items.
Many inspections required during a sequence of operations.
Materials or products too bulky to permit bulk or continuous handling by mechanical means.
Frequent need for using the same machine or workstation for two or more different operations.
|
A 4. Describe all the factors that influence the selection of Plant Location national, regional, community as well as site. P 126 Table 8.1
Factors In Selection Of Location.
National Decision
1.Political Stability
2.Currency and Exchange Rates
3.Cultural and Economic Peculiarities
4.Natural Environment
|
Selection of Region
1.Availability Of Raw Materials
2.Nearness to Market
3.Availability Of Power
4.Transport Facilities
5.Suitability of Climate.
6.Government Policy
7.Competition among states.
|
Selection of Community
1.Availability Of labour.
2.Civic amenities for workers.
3.Existence of complementary and competing industries.
4.Finance and Research facilities.
5.Availability of water and fire fighting facilities.
6.Local taxes and restrictions.
7.Momentum of early start.
8.Personal Factors.
|
Selection of Site
1.Soil,Size and Topography.
2.Disposal of waste.
|
Plant Layout
C 2. List different types of plant layouts and describe each one in detail P 144-151
Types of Layouts.
A layout essentially refers to the arranging and grouping of machines which are meant to produce goods.Grouping is done on different lines.The choice of a particular line depends on several factors .The method of grouping or the types of layouts:
1.Process Layouts or Functional Layout or Job Shop Layout.
2.Product layout or line processing layout or Flow line layout.
3.Fixed position Layout or Static Layout.
4.Cellular Manufacturing Layout or Group Technology Layout.
5.Combination Layout or Hybrid layout.
(The brief explanation has been given in Text book)
Pg.no 144 ,146,147.148,149,150 ,151)
Please Refer to it!!!!!!!!
No comments:
Post a Comment